Jim Crow
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"At the end of Reconstruction, the South began to reassemble itself. The old forms of slavery were abolished, although Jim Crow laws kept southern blacks in subjugation."
Origins of the New South, 1877-1913, C. Vann Woodward
Origins of the New South, 1877-1913, C. Vann Woodward
Jim Crow laws were state and local racial segregation laws enforcing the separations of whites and other races.
Examples of Jim Crow Laws...
“All railroads carrying passengers in the state (other than street railroads) shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger cars for each passenger train, or by dividing the cars by a partition, so as to secure separate accommodations.”
—Tennessee, 1891
—Tennessee, 1891
“Any white woman who shall suffer or permit herself to be got with child by a negro or mulatto...shall be sentenced to the penitentiary for not less than eighteen months.”
—Maryland, 1924
—Maryland, 1924
“It shall be unlawful for any white prisoner to be handcuffed or otherwise chained or tied to a negro prisoner.”
—Arkansas, 1903
—Arkansas, 1903
“Marriages are void when one party is a white person and the other is possessed of one-eighth or more negro, Japanese, or Chinese blood.”
—Nebraska, 1911
—Nebraska, 1911
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“Parents and schoolteachers counsel black children that, if they ever hope to escape this system and avoid prison time, they must be on their best behavior, raise their arms and spread their legs for the police without complaint, stay in failing schools, pull up their pants, and refuse all forms of illegal work and moneymaking activity, even if jobs in the legal economy are impossible to find. Girls are told not to have children until they are married to a "good" black man who can help provide for a family with a legal job. They are told to wait and wait for Mr. Right even if that means, in a jobless ghetto, never having children at all.”
Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of
Colorblindness, 2010
Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of
Colorblindness, 2010